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borderland [?b??d?l?nd] N > zona f fronterizaWant to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content.Link to this page: � border� border district� border on� boundary� coast� deutsche mark� district� dominion� frontier� Karen� Karenic� limitrophe� march� marcher� Marches� marchland� mark� marquis� outpost I look back at the chain of incidents, my interview with McArdle, Challenger's first note of alarm in the Times, the absurd journey in the train, the pleasant luncheon, the catastrophe, and now it has come to this-that we linger alone upon an empty planet, and so sure is our fate that I can regard these lines, written from mechanical professional habit and never to be seen by human eyes, as the words of one who is already dead, so closely does he stand to the shadowed borderland over which all outside this one little circle of friends have already gone. Early in the last century one of the picturesque race of robbers and murderers, practicing the vices of humanity on the borderlands watered by the river Tweed, built a tower of stone on the coast of Northumberland. Although both terms describe liminal places, and borderland allows a degree of imaginative control, borderland usually evokes political divisions, while urban fringe refers specifically to those urban-rural borderlands that are neither wholly city nor entirely country. E[currency]IRNAK (CyHAN)- Two children in the southeastern province of E[currency]yrnak's Roboski village were injured as a result of intervention by the security forces while they were staging a protest near a borderland, where 34 Roboski or Uludere residents were killed mistakenly by military airstrikes in 2011. � ^� Borden Lizzie Andrew� Borden Robert Laird� border� border break� Border collie� border crosser� border disease� border dispute� border district� border incident� Border land� Border Leicester� border on� border on or upon� border patrol� border patrolman� border raid� Border State� Border States� Border terrier� border town� bordereau� bordered� borderer� bordering� borderland� borderless� borderline� border-line case� borderline intelligence� borderline personality disorder� borderline schizophrenia� Borders� Borders Region� Bordet� bordetella� Bordland� Bordlode� Bordman� Bordrag� bordraging� bordure� bore� -bore� bore bit� boreal� Boreas� borecole� bored� boredom� boree� � � ^� bordered pit� borderedly� borderedly� borderedly� borderer� borderer� borderer� borderer� borderer� borderer� borderers� borderers� bordering� bordering� bordering� bordering� bordering� bordering� Bordering Land Subject to Flooding� bordering on� bordering on� bordering on� bordering on� bordering on� bordering on� bordering upon� Bordering Vegetated Wetlands� borderingly� borderingly� borderingly� borderland� Borderland Mountain Bike Association� Borderland Sciences Research Foundation� borderland slope� Borderland State Park� Borderlands� Borderlands� Borderlands� borderless� Borderless Access to Training and Education� Borderless Order Entry Systems� Borderless world volunteers� borderlight� borderline� borderline� borderline� borderline� borderline� borderline� Borderline (disambiguation)� Borderline (disambiguation)� Borderline (disambiguation)� Borderline (psychiatry)� Borderline (psychiatry)� Borderline Abnormalities of Uncertain Significance� Borderline between Comfort and Discomfort� borderline case� Borderline Data Falsification� borderline diabetes� Borderline Falsification� Borderline High Blood Pressure� � � Terms of Use� Privacy policy� Feedback� Advertise with UsCopyright � 2003-2016 Farlex, Inc DisclaimerAll content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only.

This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.A Mode Tend Parenting Partnership �hubris, pariahPowell's take on Trump�deplorableClinton: "Basket of deplorables"�sophomoric"It's a sophomoric approach"�Labor DayFrom the folks who brought you the weekend�hagiographyWho caused this spike? � SPANISH CENTRAL� LEARNER'S ESL DICTIONARY� WORDCENTRAL FOR KIDS� VISUAL DICTIONARY� SCRABBLE � WORD FINDER� MERRIAM-WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY� BRITANNICA ENGLISH - ARABIC TRANSLATION� NGLISH - SPANISH-ENGLISH TRANSLATION � Browse the Dictionary:� a� b� c� d� e� f� g� h� i� j� k� l� m� n� o� p� q� r� s� t� u� v� w� x� y� z� 0-9� Home� Help� Apps� About Us� Shop� Advertising Info� Dictionary API� About Our Ads� Contact Us� The Open Dictionary� Word of the Year� Law Dictionary� Medical Dictionary� Privacy Policy� Terms of Use� Browse the Thesaurus� Browse the Medical Dictionary� Browse the Legal Dictionary� Browse the Spanish-English Dictionary� 2015 Merriam-Webster, Incorporated HomeTeachers CornerWorkshops & TrainingEquity Case StudiesAwareness ActivitiesCurriculum TransformationEquity & Diversity QuizzesPrintable HandoutsResearch RoomHumane EducationSocial Justice SpeechesSocial Justice SongsSocial Justice QuotationsMulticultural LinksJoin Our ListservContact UsReceive Email UpdatesAwards & RecognitionAbout Paul GorskiRe-examining the Rhetoric of the "Cultural Border"by Heewon ChangEastern CollegeThis article was originally published in the Electronic Magazine of Multicultural Education.This essay examines the territory-based rhetoric of the cultural border, boundaries and borderlands.

Critiquing the essentialist view that presumes fixed boundaries for a culture, the author suggests the constructivist view that assumes individuals power of defining and redefining their cultural identities in a multicultural society.

The author illustrates different multicultural make-ups that a multiracial, an adoptee, a U.S.-born and an immigrant individual develop despite their common tie to Korea.border: the extreme part or surrounding line; the confine or exterior limit of a country, or any region or track of landboundary: a limit, a bound, anything marking a limitborderland: land on the frontiers of adjoining countries; land constituting a border(Websters New Universal Unabridged Dictionary,1979)Constructing a topology of a multicultural society is never simple.

Although cultural diversity is often defined by seemingly clear-cut categories such as ethnicity, race, class, religion, gender, sexual orientation, and exceptionality1, sorting out "culture" intertwined with these multicultural categories is a complex process. I am not even sure whether anyone sees the value of taking on the challenge because different categories of people are considered synonymous with cultural differences.

It is common to hear references to Asian-American culture, Black culture, Muslim culture, female culture, homosexual culture and ADD culture as if they have clear boundaries and are distinguished entities. It is also assumed that if an Asian meets an African-American their presumed cultural differences are expected to form a cultural border. Or if a White teacher has a group of minority children in her classroom, the formation of a cultural border between them is considered inevitable.

However, if the focus switches from a society (or group) to individuals, the power of the cultural border rhetoric seems to lose its potency. For example, the Korean and the African-American may share many cultural traits, so their racial and ethnic difference may not have such an enduring effect.In this essay I attempt to probe into the assumptions of the cultural border rhetoric and assess the underpinning view of culturehere I identify it as the essentialist viewin the context of multiculturalism.

Then I will introduce the constructivist view of culture by switching our focus from societal culture to individual culture so that we may see the cultural differences as an embracing factor rather than as a divisive factor.Cultural Border and Cultural BoundaryThe terms "border" and " boundary" are physical in origin (Johnson and Machelsen, 1997). The original imagery is not quite abandonedand is even intentionally played outwhen the terms are used in reference to culture.

Cultural border and boundary often connote the border and boundary of a nation, a state or a tribal community, which are cultural borderlands definition identifiable markers. The equation between a culture and a territory has dominated the discourse in anthropology (Erickson, 1997; Ewing, 1998; Goodenough, 1981; Lugo, 1997; Wax, 1993). The assumption is that as long as two distinct societies remain separate from each other, their boundaries exist and cultural distinctiveness is expected.

It is further assumed that if two societies, identified with two distinct cultures, come in contact, a cultural border is expected to form between them. (Graphic Illustration 1: click here.2) If an individual from Culture A is to voluntarily or involuntarily3 become part of Culture B, she/he is expected to literally leave his/her own society, cross the border and enter a new society.

This physical implication of the cultural border is fully entertained by scholars of Mexican immigrants, for whom crossing the border is a literal as well as a figurative experience (Delgado-Gaitan & Trueba, 1991; Johnson & Michaelson, 1997).To many scholars a border is not a neutral demarcation line. It is a symbol of power that imposes inclusion and exclusion. The more privilegeddominant, hegemoniousside will actively control the border to keep border-crossers out.

Erickson (1997) accentuated the political nature of a border by differentiating it from a boundary:A cultural boundary refers to the presence of some kind of cultural differencecultural boundaries are characteristic of all human societies, traditional as well as modern. A border is a social construct that is political in origin.

Across a border power is exercisPublication date1987Media�typePrint ( paperback)Pages260 pp.ISBN978-1-879960-12-1"This book is dedicated a todos mexicanos on both sides of the border. " [1]Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza [1987] is a semi-autobiographical work by Gloria Anzaldua that includes prose and poems detailing the invisible "borders" that exist between Latinas/os and non-Latinas/os, men and women, heterosexuals and homosexuals, and numerous other opposing groups.The term Borderlands, according to Anzaldua, refers to the geographical area that is most susceptible to la mezcla [hybridity], neither fully of Mexico nor fully of the United States.

[2] She also used this term to identify a growing population that cannot distinguish these invisible "borders," who instead have learned to become a part of both worlds whose cultural expectations they are still expected to abide by.Each of the essays and poems draws on the author�s life experiences as a Chicana and lesbian activist. In both prose and poetry sections, Anzaldua cultural borderlands definition the conception of a border as a simple divide and ultimately calls for the oppressors, especially those from the Western culture, to nurture active interest in the oppressed and change their attitudes that foster the growth and sustenance of borders.In this semi-autobiographical account, Anzaldua comes to terms with her Chicana lesbian identity to recognize the components of its existence.

Not only does her lesbian nature have traces of both male and female identities, but her culture is a mixture of many different races and cultures. By using both English and Spanish in her writing, she demonstrates that Chicana literature cannot be expressed in only one language. Cultural identity is very important to Anzaldua, but she claims that "culture is made by those in power �men. Males make the rules and laws; women transmit them." By emerging beyond the limits of either American or Mexican culture, Chicana literature provides a voice to the people of the borderlands. Contents� 1 History� 1.1 About the Author� 2 Atravesando Fronteras/ Crossing Borders� 2.1 Chapter 1: The Homeland, Aztlan/ El Otro Mexico� 2.2 Chapter 2: Movimientos de Rebeldia y las Culturas que Traicionan� 2.3 Chapter 3: Entering into the Serpent� 2.4 Chapter 4: La Herencia de Coatlicue/ the Coatlicue State� 2.5 Chapter 5: How to Tame the Wild Tongue� 2.6 Chapter 6: Tlilli, Tlapalli/ The Path of Red and Black Ink� 2.7 Chapter 7: La Conciencia de la Mestiza/ Towards a New Consciousness� 3 See also� 4 ReferencesHistory [ edit ]Twenty-five years after its original publishing date, Borderlands/La Frontera was among one of the books banned by the Tucson Unified School System in Arizona when enforcing a new law that prohibited the teaching of Mexican-American studies in the public school system.

HB 2281's main purpose was to prohibit school districts or other educational institutions from including any courses/classes that promote resentment towards any race or class and many other provisions that target the Mexican-American studies programs that were already in existence. Legislation like this shows the perceived danger of books like Anzaldua's because of their power to change minds and disturb complacency.

[3] About the Author [ edit ]Gloria Anzaldua is a Multi-Identity Chicana Feminist writer, born in Rio Grande Valley of South Texas in September 26, 1942. [4] Her parents were farm workers and Gloria grew up in a ranch. In 1969 Anzaldua received her bachelor's degree in English from the University of Texas- Pan American. From there she went onto a master's program at the University of Texas-Austin cultural borderlands definition graduated with her master's in English and Education in 1972.

During the 1980s Gloria started writing, teaching, and traveling to workshops on Chicanas. [5] Sadly, on May 15, 2004 Gloria Anzaldua died of diabetes complications. Gloria Anzaldua won the following awards: ''Before Columbus Foundation American Book Award'' (1986), ''Lambda Lesbian Small Book Press Award'' (1991), ''Lesbian Rights Award'' (1991), ''Sappho Award Distinction'' (1992), ''National Endowment for the Arts Fiction Award'' (1991), ''American Studies Association Lifetime Achievement Award'' (2001), ''LGBT 31 History Icons'' (2012).

[6] [7] Atravesando Fronteras/ Crossing Borders [ edit ] Chapter 1: The Homeland, Aztlan/ El Otro Mexico [ edit ]El otro Mexico que aca hemos construido, el espacio es lo que ha sido territorio nacional. Este el efuerzo de todos nuestros hermanos y latinoamericanos que han sabido progressar. [8]The other Mexico that we have constructed, the space is what has become national territory. This is the work of all our brothers and Latin Americans who have known how to progress.Within this first chapter, Anzaldua begins her book by arguing against the Anglos notion that the land belongs to the descendants of European families.

The first recorded evidence of "humankind in the U.S. - the Chicanos' ancient Indian ancestors- was found in Texas and has been dRESEARCH CATEGORIES� Earth and the Environment� History� Literature and the Arts� Medicine� People� Philosophy and Religion� Places� Plants and Animals� Science and Technology� Social Sciences and the Law� Sports and Everyday LifeView all reference sources BORDERS, BORDERLANDS, AND FRONTIERS, GLOBAL.At first glance the concept of borders, borderlands, or frontiers would seem to be straightforward.

A border or boundary is a line on a map delineating a territorial boundary or the limit of a political jurisdiction. Borders are primarily, but far from exclusively, seen as properties of and under the control of states. Nevertheless, this has generally not always been the case. Even in the contemporary world where such an interpretation often does apply, the concept of borders frequently becomes much more complicated.

Complications of a Seemingly Simple ConceptThe first complication is semantic. In many European languages, including British English, the term frontier is a synonym for border. In the Americas, and especially in the United States, border means boundary, between countries, between the states of the United States, or between provinces in Mexico or Canada. Frontier, typically but not exclusively, refers to a historical boundary between expanding European settlements and indigenous settlements.

Thus in English usage in the United States, frontiers and borders are very different cultural borderlands definition and refer to quite distinct social markers. This usage has often been generalized to any sort of border zone or borderland between different sets of peoples coming into contact.

It is frequentlyextended metaphorically to refer to any boundary between known and unknown, an extension discussed further at the end of this entry.The second complication is historical. Since the founding of the first states in human history in Mesopotamia some five thousand years ago, boundaries or borders have generally been vague, imprecise zones in which political �and to a lesser extent economic, social, and cultural �control fades away.

That is, borders, boundaries, borderlands, and frontiers are zones or regions with some dimension, where there is a shift, more or less gradual, from control by one state to another or to an absence of state control. An important corollary of this complication is that the lack of precision is not necessarily a problem in semantics or conceptualization.

Rather, it is often an accurate reflection of an actual fuzziness of boundary zones.A third complication is that at different times and in different places these concepts have had different meanings, and they have been implemented in different ways. Often a word translated as border from one language to another had behind it a different meaning, a different concept of markers, and even different ethical and political implications of what that "border" entailed.A fourth complication is that the meanings of these terms and how they have been implemented have changed over many millennia.

Throughout these changes there have often been disconnects or divergences between their social reality and what various actors (individuals or states) thought they should be.Finally, there is a problem of scale. Almost any border or boundary zone, when viewed from a sufficient distance, appears as a sharp line. When viewed up close, however, it becomes a zone having some width and often having blurry edges. So from a central capital, a border or frontier may seem precise.

Yet from the perspectives of those living on or near the boundary or frontier, or even from the perspectives of those charged with administering or controlling it, it can be quite vague and often contentious. Defining Borders, Borderlands, and FrontiersIn order to discuss these issues it is useful to present somewhat general definitions of these terms.

The following definitions carry two caveats or cautions. First, as with any generalized concepts, they will not be precise for all uses. Second, these terms shift meaning over time and through space. Still, the following are useful for further discussion:boundary �a demarcation indicating some division in spatial termsborder �an international boundary line; when a border is seen as a zone it is often called a borderland or the borderlandsfrontier �a zone of contact with or without a specified boundary lineThe term borderlands straddles the distinction between frontier and border and is often used as a synonym for frontier as a zone.The contemporary concept of a border as a sharp, precise line stems from two sources.

First is the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which established the modern nation-state system under which a state had full sovereign control of the lands and peoples within its borders.

The second source is the development of private property as a concept, in which one individual, or state, had exclusive rights to land or territory. While in the early twenty-first century these conditions are taken as cultural borderlands definition or "natural," they are neither.

Rather, the ibooks.google.com.ua - History tells us that translation plays a part in the development of all cultures. Historical cases also show us repeatedly that translated works which had real social and cultural impact often bear little resemblance to the idealized concept of a 'good translation'. Since the perception and reception. https://books.google.com.ua/books/about/Translation_and_Cultural_Change.html?id=HXDiEeKyTk8C&utm_source=gb-gplus-share Translation and Cultural Change In this article I consider �narrative mind reading,� the practical capability of inferring the motives that precipitate and underlie the actions of others.

Following Jerome Bruner, I argue that this everyday capacity depends on our ability to place action within unfolding narrative contexts. While Bruner has focused on narrative mind reading as a within-culture affair, I look to border situations that cross race and class lines where there is a strong presumption among participants that they do not, in fact, share a cultural framework. Instead, interactions often reinforce actors� perceptions of mutual misunderstanding and cultural difference.

Drawing on a longitudinal study of African American families who have children with severe illnesses, I examine narrative mind reading and misreading in one mother�s interactions with the clinicians who treat her child. I further explore how narrative misreadings are supported through chart notes and �familiar stranger� stories. The focus on miscommunication grounds a theory of the reproduction of cultural difference in interactive dynamics and brings Bruner�s emphasis on narrative into dialogue with contemporary anthropology of cultural borderlands. The first time I saw Jerome Bruner was in the early 1980s at MIT when I was a graduate student.

He was lecturing to a crowded room, speaking about the social intelligence of young humans. The topic was interesting enough, but I was no developmental psychologist. What gripped me was the drama Bruner enacted: a playful moment between an infant and mother, a kind of �this is not a hat� game using a kitchen colander that the infant donned for his mother.

In this wonderfully ordinary moment, a child puts on his �hat.� Mother responds, �Oh what a wonderful hat,� and they laugh together. That is the whole exchange. But how revealing of the subtleties of mind reading even at such a tender age. Child knows this is not a hat. Mother knows that child knows that this is not a hat. Child knows that Mother knows that child knows that this is not a hat. Bruner presents us with the smallest joke as it turns on, and creates, meanings at once personal, intersubjective, and cultural.

In retrospect, I cannot really believe that Professor Bruner (as I thought of him then) had an actual colander on his head when he told this story, but to this day, I can see that colander, and a mother and child in the thick of just pretend.In one sense, this article can be read as a reflection on Brunerian insights about narrative thinking that stem from such ubiquitous games as �this is not a hat.� For Bruner�s exploration into, among other things, the social brilliance of the very young, has led him to construct an understanding of narrative that goes well beyond storytelling.

In Bruner�s hands, narrative emerges not simply as a mode of discourse but as a fundamental form of human sense making. As Bruner treats it, narrative is interwoven into the very fabric of our sociability; it is that cognitive capacity that allows us to become culture learners and culture makers. In the intimate space of parent and child, culture emerges not as a fait accompli but as a drama of young humans in their early encounters as they learn to share the world of their elders.

He offers a compelling reading of the way humans are introduced into a place of public meanings, symbols, scripts, a cultural world in fact.Narrative is connected to our capacity to read other minds�what I call, somewhat awkwardly, �narrative mind reading.� I mean by this, that practical capability of inferring (rightly or wrongly) the motives that precipitate and underlie the actions of another.

I follow Bruner�s suggestion that this everyday capacity depends on narrative. It is not only that a story is, in some basic sense about motives, dealing as it does with �the vicissitudes of human intentions� ( Bruner 1986:16).

More radically, deciphering intentions depends on our ability to place action within unfolding narrative contexts. That is, our interpretive capacity to infer motives requires placing an act within the context of an unfolding story.This suggestion has been theorized in philosophy as well.

Paul Ricoeur links narrative to the ongoing work of interpreting action, what he calls �practical understanding.� Actions, he says, belong to a �network� that includes goals, motives, and agents who can be held responsible.

As such, actions offer �temporal structures that call for narration� (1984:59). Narrative mind reading as tacit practical understanding has strong kinship with the speech act of storytelling in which a narrator explicitly links actors, motives, acts, and consequences in a causal chain�often precisely for the purpose of determining who is responsible for the results.

Alisdaire MacIntyre has argued that to ascertain what someone is doing, we have to place their action in a context that makes it intelligible to us. This is, above all, a narrative context. �An action,� he writes, �is a momen� African American Studies� African Studies� American Literature� Anthropology� Art History� Atlantic History� Biblical Studies� British and Irish Literature� Buddhism� Childhood Studies� Chinese Studies� Cinema and Media Studies� Classics� Communication� Criminology� Ecology� Education� Environmental Science� Evolutionary Cultural borderlands definition Geography� Hinduism� International Law� International Relations� Islamic Studies� Jewish Studies� Latin American Studies� Latino Studies� Linguistics� Management� Medieval Studies� Military History� Music� Philosophy� Political Science� Psychology� Public Health� Renaissance and Reformation� Social Work� Sociology� Victorian Literature� Browse All SubjectsClose � Introduction� General Overviews� Textbooks and Surveys� Journals� Primary Sources� Border-Crossers� Contested Borderlands� Spanish Borderlands from Bolton to John� Spanish Borderlands Studies since the 1990s� French Borderlands� Borderlands and the Thirteen Colonies� Conceptualizing Borderlands� Borderlands and the Early Republic Other Subject Areas� African American Studies� African Studies� American Literature� Anthropology� Art History� Biblical Studies� British and Irish Literature� Buddhism� Childhood Studies� Chinese Studies� Cinema and Media Studies� Classics� Communication� Criminology� Ecology� Education� Environmental Science� Evolutionary Biology� Geography� Hinduism� International Law� International Relations� Islamic Studies� Jewish Studies� Latin American Studies� Latino Studies� Linguistics� Management� Medieval Studies� Military History� Music� Philosophy� Political Science� Psychology� Public Health� Renaissance and Reformation� Social Work� Sociology� Victorian Literature � Introduction� General Overviews� Textbooks and Surveys� Journals� Border-Crossers� Contested Borderlands� Spanish Borderlands from Bolton to John� Spanish Borderlands Studies since the 1990s� French Borderlands� Borderlands and the Thirteen Colonies� Conceptualizing Borderlands� Borderlands and the Early Republic IntroductionA borderland is both a place and a historiographic methodology, although historians often combine the two uses.

A borderland,in its loosest definition, is a place where two entities (usually nations or societies) border each other. As a methodology,borderlands studies question what happens when distinct societies rub against each other or contest lands in between. Whatdo those situations tell us about both the core societies and the spaces in between?

Borderlands studies are active acrosstime periods and continents; this entry will focus on North American borderlands before 1850. In most of these cases, historiansstudy borderlands where more than one European power (or the United States or Mexico in the 19th century) bordered on another,creating spaces of unclear jurisdiction and resulting fluidity.

Moving away from European-centered definitions of cores andperipheries, historians in recent years have noted that a borderland can also refer to the contested space between an AmericanIndian power and a non-Indian one, or two American Indian powers. For early American history, the historiographic conceptof borderlands derives from Herbert Bolton�s school of the Spanish borderlands, the Spanish colonies north of central Mexico,where imperial power was weak and the French and English held neighboring colonies. General OverviewsFor recent historians, the term borderlands incorporates a conscious rejection of the implied inevitability and racial hierarchy of Turner�s concept of the frontier ( Turner 2000), where white settlers met and overpowered Indians and became Americans.

Some of the works in this section use the term borderlands, and others do not, but all are multi-perspectival and cross-cultural studies of different peoples coming together. Usner2003 provides an ideal introduction to the creation and evolution of the concept. Adelman and Aron 1999 and Jackson 1998 conceptualize borderlands, distinguish the term from others, and explore various particular borderlands. The introductions in Cayton and Teute 1998 and Castaneda, et al.

2007 generalize about borderland conditions, and their essays are devoted to particular borderlands. Limerick 1987 introduces the new western history, with the West studied as a place of conflicting cultures. Shoemaker 2004 shows how borders can be metaphoric as well as geographic. Weber 1986 details some of the historiography of Spanish borderlands.�Adelman, Jeremy, and Stephen Aron. �From Borderlands to Borders: Empires, Nation-States, and the Peoples in Between in North American History.� American Historical Review 104 (1999): 815�841.E-mail Citation �Adelman and Aron propose much-needed limits on the definition of borderlands, which they define as �the contested boundariesbetween colonial domains.� Although this definition ignores Indian-defined borders, it allows the authors to explore importantissues of border creation and defense through particular regional examples.

See also �Res